The lanterns dimly lit the cave and cast shadows on the walls by the cots which contained the wounded men that had been rapidly transferred there when the air raids started.  Mary wrapped a clean bandage around the upper arm of a man who had a long wide laceration which had become infected.  The wound was seeping a yellow blood tinged drainage that Mary’s eyes had to strain to see in the dimness so she could report the condition of the wound to the doctor.  Exactly how clean the bandage was she was applying was questionable.  Laundering of anything was a challenge since running water was a luxury that they did not have at their disposal.  In fact, she could not only smell the puss oozing out of the man’s wound, but that fetid odor was joined with the combined stink of sweat, urine, feces and vomit of the 1000 individuals gathered in the cave for nursing care.  And she could also smell herself and her colleagues.  Time and supplies for hygiene were so rare that it was impossible to tell if the odor of rotting flesh and old blood came from the wounded men or one of the nurses on her monthly cycle.  Some areas of the cave were damp, adding a moldy and damp overlay to the stench.   She moved on to the next soldier after finishing the dressing on the man’s arm.  As she touched this man’s forehead she noted that it was hot with fever and also that he was muttering things that did not make sense.   In spite of the hardship and the pain that many of the wounded men were experiencing, the mood was high and there was joking and laughing by many brave men, overshadowing the moaning and crying that were present.  Often song would break out.  One man with a squeeze box and another with a harmonica would be joined with the voices of many in song. 

“Up to your waist in water,

Up to your eyes in Slush,

Using the kind of language

That makes the sergeant blush. 

Who wouldn’t join the army? 

That’s what we all inquire.

Don’t we pity the poor civilians

Sitting around the fire?

Oh! Oh! Oh! It’s a lovely war.

Who wouldn’t be a solider, eh?

Oh! It’s a shame to take the pay.

As soon as the ‘reveille’ has gone

We feel just as heavy as lead.

But we never get up till

The sergeant brings our breakfast up to bed.”

 Mary had to smile at the camaraderie of these soldiers.  Patriotism abounded throughout the cave.  She was proud to be a part of this.  Mary was a US Army Nurse serving in Europe during WWI.  But where did she come from?  Where did she serve while in Europe?  And where did her life lead her after the war ended?

      The facts around Mary’s life seem to be full of contradictory dates and locations when the records are examined.  This biography contains the author’s best interpretation of the conflicting data.  Mary Melinda Swain was born in Dublin, Ohio in the fall of 1893.  Her mother was Rose Grogan, who was born in Illinois as the child of Irish Immigrants.  Rose married Mary’s father, John Swain, and they had five children.   Mary’s mother passed away when Mary was five years old.    Although the Swain family were Ohioans, in the 1880 census John was with his parents and siblings in Grundy County, Illinois. This was the same county in which Rose was living with her family.    After Rose died, John married a woman named Anne who was an immigrant from Sweden.  When Anne died he later married a widow named Belle.    John died when Mary was 39.  Although it has not been determined exactly when Mary, her parents, John and Rose, along with her siblings, all migrated to Indiana, it was sometime before her mother’s burial in 1898, as Rose’s grave is in Cass County.  The family was living in Deer Creek Township, Miami County, Indiana by 1900 in the little cross roads called Bennetts Switch.   Deer Creek Township, named after the Deer Creek which runs through it, is in the Southwest corner of Miami County, with Howard County bordering it to the South and Cass County on its Western border.   Bennetts Switch had one of the two post offices in the township, and Mary’s father worked for the post office.   It is not known what drew the Swain family to this remote area of Indiana.  There were two railroad lines which ran through Deer Creek Township.  One of the first settlers to the area was a man named Davis.  Although no connection could be determined, John Swain’s mother’s maiden name was Davis.  In addition, Mary’s great-great-great grandfather was Ludwig Sells.  While Mary’s great-great grandfather was Ludwig’s son William Henry Sells, another of Ludwig’s sons was Peter Sells.  Peter Sells’ sons owned a circus which was run by one his sons, Peter Sells, Jr.   While Miami County is known for its circus winter quarters, it is not likely that the connection between John Swain and the Sells Brothers Circus prompted a relocation to Miami County Indiana where the Wallace Brother’s Circus Winter Quarters were located.   Whether the railroad, the circus or the promise of family ties, the Swain family settled in Miami County Indiana toward the end of the Nineteenth Century. 

     Sometime before mid-February 1918 when she entered the Army Nurse Corps, Mary obtained her nurses training from Garfield Park Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago.   The hospital was first opened in 1893 as a specialized hospital, a Neurological Sanitarium, but in 1900 it expanded into a general hospital.   In 1919 it became incorporated and was updated with the latest in equipment.  It had seventy beds, and would admit patients with all diagnoses except those with psychiatric or contagious diseases.   Located on the west side of Garfield Park at 3813 Washington Boulevard, it was on the corner with Hamlin Avenue and on the South side of the street.

Garfield Park Hospital

      It has not been discovered how Mary met her husband, James P. Gallivan, nor has the date of their marriage been found.  In 1906 James’ father owned a saloon in New Castle on Broad Street, and by 1909 there was a Swain & Bowman Lunch Room located nearby.  Perhaps Mary met James while visiting relatives in New Castle.  One can easily imagine both young people being lured into Swain & Bowman Lunch Room as the aroma of freshly baked bread and the sweet fruit of homemade pies melting in their mouths.   Still, an initial connection between the two has not been determined.  It is known that their son James Jr. was born in 1923.  There is a newspaper report in that year of an auto accident in which the family was involved.  They are shown as located in New Castle in the 1930 census.   Mary’s husband, James, was a business owner.  He owned a garage and taxi company at one time in downtown New Castle on Broad Street.    He also had a furniture store for a while and a trucking company.  Mary and James had a lovely home on Stewart Drive.   Later he worked for the state of Indiana in the Motor Vehicle Department and eventually became an investigator for the Indiana Alcoholic Beverage Commission, becoming a member on several county boards including Henry County.  Mary’s son, James Jr, had a job as a paper boy by the time he was sixteen.  In 1951 he was discharged from the army.  He continued with his mother’s military history by serving both in WWII and the Korean war. 

      In 1929 Mary joined the DAR as a founding member of the Sara Winston Henry Chapter.  She obtained membership through the line of her father’s mother, Melinda Davis Swain.   Mary’s great-great-great-grandfather Ludwig Sells was a private in the revolution.   In addition, Captain Samuel Davis was Mary’s great-great-grandfather through another branch of her father’s mother’s line.  Samuel served in the revolution and then emigrated to Kentucky.  He went on to serve in the Indian Wars.  He was captured by the Indians in 1786 and was held for 7 years.  He also served in the War of 1812.  He was one of the first to settle in Ohio, doing so in 1795.    Samuel and his wife Elizabeth had nine children and their son Samuel Jr. was Mary’s great grandfather.   Samuel Jr. married Elizabeth Sells who went by Eliza and whose grandfather was Ludwig Sells. 

      It is difficult to determine exactly in which location and capacity Mary functioned during WWI while in Europe.  Conflicting assignments are listed on her ship’s manifest when she sailed to Europe versus the manifest when she sailed home, while her obituary lists six locations.  More in depth research matched the two ship’s manifest assignment listings to two of the six locations in her obituary.   Interestingly, Mary sailed to Europe on April 12, 1918, and she sailed back to the United States, aboard the S. S. Zeppelin, June 17, 1919, which means she was serving in Europe for fourteen months.  It is hard to imagine her serving in six different locations in that short of a time frame, but there is no evidence to distrust her obituary.  The histories found of the six places do not list Mary among the nurses, but some have no names listed and those that list names may not include every nurse that was there for the entire time they functioned.  For example, her obituary states that she was decorated by General John J. Pershing for heroism during a hospital raid overseas.  When the hospital she was serving in was near a German air raid she covered her patients with mattresses to protect them from shrapnel.  At this particular hospital she was serving with a unit from Mayo Clinic.   Base Hospital 26 was the location of the Mayo Clinic staff in Europe where they served at Allerey, in eastern France.  There is an extensive history of this hospital that includes no mention of Mary Swain and no mention of any bombing.  It is likely that part of the staff from Base Hospital 26 were sent to another location where they intercepted with one of the locations Mary was serving.    The ship’s docket on the way to Europe lists her unit as “Hospital Unit C”.  Further research revealed that Hospital Unit C operated “Camp Hospital No 4” which is one of the places her obituary listed that she served.  Located in Joinville le Pont, which is a district in Paris, it was housed in old school buildings, all in poor repair.  The original capacity of 300 beds was later expanded to 800 by the addition of wooden barracks.   Bath water had to be heated on small oil stoves as there was no modern plumping or water heaters, nor were there sewer connections.  Although they received the wounded during the war, after the armistice they treated sick and those with venereal diseases from the Paris military prisons.  The total number of patients treated were 9,800 with 25% of that number being battle casualties.  Usually camp hospitals treated minor illnesses and transferred any patients with a need for more specialized care to a base hospital.  American Military Hospital No 1 is listed in Mary’s obituary as where she served.  This hospital is located in Paris. An extensive history has been written of this hospital with staff listed, including pictures.  Mary is not included in this history.  Perhaps this hospital also oversaw one of the other areas she worked in, such as her time at Camp Hospital 4, which, as mentioned, was also in Paris. In fact, the pictures of Camp Hospital 4 look like it is in front of the similar looking building which is in a picture of American Military Hospital No 1.  Another location of overseas service listed in Mary’s obituary is U. S. 3rd Army, France, 28th Division, 103rd Sanitary Train, Field Hospital 111.   The 3rd Army was the largest umbrella name under which her service would have been categorized.  It was formed November 7^th, 1918 in Chaumont, France, and by the 15th was directed to be the force that occupied Germany, disarming and disbanding the German forces.  Underneath the 3rd Army was the 28th Division, which General John J. Pershing dubbed the Men Of Iron.

Camp Hospital No. 4, Joinville	The USS Zeppelin - ship that returned Mary Swain to the US Surgical and medical ward of the American Hospital, Coblentz, Germany

    The Sanitary Train referred to the stations that the wounded soldiers were moved through from the time they were wounded until they arrived at a Base Hospital.  There would be ambulances, field hospitals, camp hospitals, and dressing stations where wounded would be stabilized along the trip. All would be involved in getting the wounded to where they would receive more intensive care.  A field hospital was like a MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) unit where casualties were temporarily taken care of until they could be taken to more permanent facilities.   In keeping with the U. S. 3rd Army’s occupation of Germany after the Armistice, her obituary mentions her serving at Evacuation Hospital No 9 at Coblentz, Germany during the Army Occupation.   This also matches the returning ship docket listing for her unit to the U. S. which says E H 9.  Her obituary also mentions Evacuation Hospital 5 American Expeditionary Forces.  An Evacuation Hospital administered temporary care and surgical treatment to severely wounded patients who it was not advisable to move to more permanent care settings until such time as they were fit to be transported.  One newspaper account of her time in France states that from July through November of 1918 Mary was a part of a surgical team that toured the battlefields of France, and that she was one of few women so close to the front.  This team was to care for men that were too severely wounded to be transported back to the larger medical facilities.  They provided care while constantly under enemy fire.  Air raids became very frequent, and they became so used to enemy fire while they were sleeping that they did not get up during air raids but rather “trusted to luck” that nothing would happen to them.  In fact, it was not unusual to find bombs that failed to go off right outside their tents the next morning.  In this same newspaper article, Mary tells of administering nursing care to the German soldier who had received awards for killing Quentin Roosevelt, for prisoners of war were also provided care.  At one point they had to hide one thousand patients in a large cave and passed the time singing and joking while they hid in the cave.  Once Mary was transported with fellow nurses in a box car, and then later moved to the actual train engine to complete the journey.  Therefore, while it is confusing to try to pin down exactly where Mary was in Europe during WWI, it is apparent from newspaper reports and from her obituary that Mary spent a significant part of her time in Europe very close to the trenches.

New Castle, Henry County Indiana became Mary Swain's home after marriage.

      Following her return to the United States Mary attended graduate school.  Later, after she married and became a mother, Mary was disabled, becoming an invalid for the last ten years of her life.  She was afflicted with paralysis, and received a government pension because of her service in WWI. 

      The last day of January in 1953, at the age of 59, Mary died of heart failure.  She died at Henry County Hospital at five p.m. after her husband had been admitted to another area of the hospital from a heart attack that same morning.  How sad that after she was present offering comfort to so many soldiers as they passed on with no family near-by, that she would not have her husband at her side when her time came to pass on.  She was buried in St Johns Cemetery in Henry County, Indiana.  Mary was a daughter, a sister, a wife, a mother, a nurse and a servant to her country.  She came from a linage of those who served to defend the United States of America, a linage which continued through her son.   Although Mary is shared as a local heroine between Henry County, where she spent her married life, and Miami County where she grew up, her bravery on the front during WWI must not be forgotten.   Hers was a spirit that lives on through nurses who continue to care for our United States service men today.

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“28th Infantry Regiment (United States).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018.

“United States Army Central.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018.

“‘United States Census, 1850," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXS1-947 : 12 April 2016), Malinda Davis in Household of Samuel Davis, Washington, Franklin, Ohio, United States; Citing Family 155, NARA Microfilm Publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.).” "United States Census, 1850," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXS1-947 : 12 April 2016), Malinda Davis in Household of Samuel Davis, Washington, Franklin, Ohio, United States; Citing Family 155, NARA Microfilm Publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.).

“ ‘United States Census, 1870," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/M62V-4N9 : 12 April 2016), John H Swaine in Household of Addis E Swaine, Ohio, United States; Citing p. 10, Family 69, NARA Microfilm Publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.); FHL Microfilm 552,718.”  "United States Census, 1870," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/M62V-4N9 : 12 April 2016), John H Swaine in Household of Addis E Swaine, Ohio, United States; Citing p. 10, Family 69, NARA Microfilm Publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.); FHL Microfilm 552,718.

“ ‘United States Census, 1880," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXJ2-VQ9 : 15 September 2017), John Swain in Household of Adisemit Swain, Braceville, Grundy, Illinois, United States; Citing Enumeration District ED 12, Sheet 415A, NARA Microfilm Publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.), Roll 0210; FHL Microfilm 1,254,210.”  "United States Census, 1880," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXJ2-VQ9 : 15 September 2017), John Swain in Household of Adisemit Swain, Braceville, Grundy, Illinois, United States; Citing Enumeration District ED 12, Sheet 415A, NARA Microfilm Publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.), Roll 0210; FHL Microfilm 1,254,210.

“‘United States Census, 1880," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXJ2-Z3G : 15 September 2017), Rose Grogan in Household of Philip Grogan, Braceville, Grundy, Illinois, United States; Citing Enumeration District ED 12, Sheet 401A, NARA Microfilm Publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.), Roll 0210; FHL Microfilm 1,254,210.” "United States Census, 1880," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MXJ2-Z3G : 15 September 2017), Rose Grogan in Household of Philip Grogan, Braceville, Grundy, Illinois, United States; Citing Enumeration District ED 12, Sheet 401A, NARA Microfilm Publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.), Roll 0210; FHL Microfilm 1,254,210.

“‘United States Census, 1900," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/M9MX-CRT : Accessed 25 January 2018), Linna M Swain in Household of John D Swain, Deer Creek Township, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 96, Sheet 11B, Family 234, NARA Microfilm Publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL Microfilm 1,240,393.” "United States Census, 1900," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/M9MX-CRT : Accessed 25 January 2018), Linna M Swain in Household of John D Swain, Deer Creek Township, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 96, Sheet 11B, Family 234, NARA Microfilm Publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL Microfilm 1,240,393.

“ ‘United States Census, 1900," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MM16-CQR : Accessed 25 January 2018), James Gallivan in Household of Timothy Gallivan, Henry Township New Castle Town Ward 1-2, 6, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 67, Sheet 2B, Family 46, NARA Microfilm Publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL Microfilm 1,240,377.”  "United States Census, 1900," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MM16-CQR : Accessed 25 January 2018), James Gallivan in Household of Timothy Gallivan, Henry Township New Castle Town Ward 1-2, 6, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 67, Sheet 2B, Family 46, NARA Microfilm Publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL Microfilm 1,240,377.

“‘United States Census, 1910," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MK53-9K9 : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Swain in Household of John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 115, Sheet 1B, Family 19, NARA Microfilm Publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), Roll 370; FHL Microfilm 1,374,383.” "United States Census, 1910," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MK53-9K9 : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Swain in Household of John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 115, Sheet 1B, Family 19, NARA Microfilm Publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), Roll 370; FHL Microfilm 1,374,383.

“‘United States Census, 1910," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MKPM-CNV : Accessed 25 January 2018), James P Gallivan in Household of Tim Gallivan, New Castle Ward 2, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 87, Sheet 4B, Family 88, NARA Microfilm Publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), Roll 355; FHL Microfilm 1,374,368.” "United States Census, 1910," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MKPM-CNV : Accessed 25 January 2018), James P Gallivan in Household of Tim Gallivan, New Castle Ward 2, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 87, Sheet 4B, Family 88, NARA Microfilm Publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), Roll 355; FHL Microfilm 1,374,368.

“‘United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MF7K-X9J : Accessed 25 January 2018), James Gallivan in Household of Tim Gallivan, New Castle Ward 2, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing  ED 66, Sheet 1A, Line 6, Family 3, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 437; FHL Microfilm 1,820,437.” "United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MF7K-X9J : Accessed 25 January 2018), James Gallivan in Household of Tim Gallivan, New Castle Ward 2, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing  ED 66, Sheet 1A, Line 6, Family 3, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 437; FHL Microfilm 1,820,437.

“‘United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MF7T-4PJ : Accessed 25 January 2018), John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing  ED 137, Sheet 11A, Line 23, Family 258, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 441; FHL Microfilm 1,820,441.” "United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MF7T-4PJ : Accessed 25 January 2018), John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing  ED 137, Sheet 11A, Line 23, Family 258, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 441; FHL Microfilm 1,820,441.

“‘United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MFKV-LK3 : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary Swain in Household of Fredrick Craig, Milwaukee Ward 4, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Citing  ED 60, Sheet 8A, Line 37, Family 175, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 1998; FHL Microfilm 1,821,998.” "United States Census, 1920," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/MFKV-LK3 : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary Swain in Household of Fredrick Craig, Milwaukee Ward 4, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Citing  ED 60, Sheet 8A, Line 37, Family 175, NARA Microfilm Publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), Roll 1998; FHL Microfilm 1,821,998.

“ ‘United States Census, 1930," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/X4YR-69F : Accessed 25 January 2018), John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 5, Sheet 8A, Line 1, Family 168, NARA Microfilm Publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), Roll 618; FHL Microfilm 2,340,353.”  "United States Census, 1930," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/X4YR-69F : Accessed 25 January 2018), John D Swain, Deer Creek, Miami, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 5, Sheet 8A, Line 1, Family 168, NARA Microfilm Publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), Roll 618; FHL Microfilm 2,340,353.

“‘United States Census, 1930," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/XHMT-GHK : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Gallivan in Household of James Gallivan, New Castle, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 16, Sheet 4B, Line 66, Family 93, NARA Microfilm Publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), Roll 593; FHL Microfilm 2,340,328.” "United States Census, 1930," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/XHMT-GHK : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Gallivan in Household of James Gallivan, New Castle, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) ED 16, Sheet 4B, Line 66, Family 93, NARA Microfilm Publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), Roll 593; FHL Microfilm 2,340,328.

“‘United States Census, 1940," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/V1TH-HMJ : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Gallivan in Household of James P Gallivan, Ward 1, New Castle, Henry Township, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 33-16A, Sheet 63A, Line 39, Family 116, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, NARA Digital Publication T627.  Records of the Bureau of the Census, 1790 - 2007, RG 29. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, Roll 1052.” "United States Census, 1940," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/V1TH-HMJ : Accessed 25 January 2018), Mary M Gallivan in Household of James P Gallivan, Ward 1, New Castle, Henry Township, Henry, Indiana, United States; Citing Enumeration District (ED) 33-16A, Sheet 63A, Line 39, Family 116, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, NARA Digital Publication T627.  Records of the Bureau of the Census, 1790 - 2007, RG 29. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, Roll 1052.

“‘United States Social Security Death Index," Database, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/JY66-PM3 : 20 May 2014), James P Gallivan, 27 Dec 1996; Citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, Database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, Ongoing).” "United States Social Security Death Index," Database, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/JY66-PM3 : 20 May 2014), James P Gallivan, 27 Dec 1996; Citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, Database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, Ongoing).

“ ‘United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/KZKY-MQF : 12 December 2014), James Patrick Gallivan, 1917-1918; Citing Henry County, Indiana, United States, NARA Microfilm Publication M1509 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.); FHL Microfilm 1,503,899.”  "United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/KZKY-MQF : 12 December 2014), James Patrick Gallivan, 1917-1918; Citing Henry County, Indiana, United States, NARA Microfilm Publication M1509 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.); FHL Microfilm 1,503,899.

“‘United States World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946," Database, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/K8Y6-S38 : 5 December 2014), James P Gallivan, Enlisted 14 Apr 1943, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States; Citing ‘Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, Ca. 1938-1946," Database, The National Archives: Access to Archival Databases (AAD) (Http://Aad.archives.gov : National Archives and Records Administration, 2002); NARA NAID 126323, National Archives at College Park, Maryland.” "United States World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946," Database, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/K8Y6-S38 : 5 December 2014), James P Gallivan, Enlisted 14 Apr 1943, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States; Citing "Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, Ca. 1938-1946," Database, The National Archives: Access to Archival Databases (AAD) (Http://Aad.archives.gov : National Archives and Records Administration, 2002); NARA NAID 126323, National Archives at College Park, Maryland.

“‘United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/X5FQ-Q3D : 7 April 2016), James P Gallivan, 1942; Citing NARA Microfilm Publication M1936, M1937, M1939, M1951, M1962, M1964, M1986, M2090, and M2097 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.).” "United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942," Database with Images, FamilySearch (Https://Familysearch.org/Pal:/MM9.1.1/X5FQ-Q3D : 7 April 2016), James P Gallivan, 1942; Citing NARA Microfilm Publication M1936, M1937, M1939, M1951, M1962, M1964, M1986, M2090, and M2097 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, N.d.).

“USS Zeppelin (1914).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Jan. 2018.

“World War One(WW1) Song:Oh It's A Lovely War.” World War One(WW1)Era Song Lyrics for: Oh It's A Lovely War.

WW1Photos. “Oh It's A Lovely War Sung By Courtland & Jeffries.” YouTube, YouTube, 19 Oct. 2009.